{"id":2161,"date":"2025-02-04T12:53:08","date_gmt":"2025-02-04T11:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2161"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:57:50","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:57:50","slug":"grindavik","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/lithosphere\/grindavik\/","title":{"rendered":"Grindav\u00edk"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Island of Fire and Ice<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_3_grindavik\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Iceland lies at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North American <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: tectonic\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;tectonic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Related to processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth&#x2018;s crust and its evolution through time.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/tectonic\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">tectonic<\/a> plates diverge, causing frequent volcanic events. Since 2023, the region around Grindav&#xED;k, a town on Reykjanes Peninsula in the southwestern part of Iceland, has experienced increased volcanic activity.<\/p>\n<p>After eruptions in 2021 and 2022 at Fagradalsfjall, increased seismic activity began in 2023. By November, over 15,000 earthquakes were detected in the area within a week, some of them exceeding magnitude 5.0. The quakes indicated magma movement beneath the surface, a precursor to potential eruptions. Near Grindav&#xED;k a land uplift of up to 15 centimetres confirmed magma accumulation.<\/p>\n<p>The so-called Sundhn&#xFA;kur eruptions started on November 13, 2023, when a fissure eruption began just a few kilometres from Grindav&#xED;k. The fissure extended about 1 kilometre, releasing lava at an initial rate of 20 cubic meters per second. No lava reached Grindav&#xED;k, but toxic gases such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) posed health risks. Authorities evacuated around 4,000 residents and restricted access to the area. By early 2024, new eruptions occurred, with lava spouting up to 50 meters high. An eruption in May 2024 sent lava flows toward the town, destructing several homes. Emergency response teams built protective barriers. August and November 2024 saw further series of eruptions<\/p>\n<p>Iceland&#x2019;s geothermal energy industry, producing over 25% of its electricity, benefits from volcanic activity. Additionally, eruptions have become a major draw for tourists witnessing the dramatic landscapes. The Reykjanes Peninsula is densely populated with infrastructure critical to Iceland, including geothermal power plants and the nearby Keflav&#xED;k International Airport. Damage to these facilities would have economic and energy consequences.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-2359\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-930x524.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-930x523.jpg 930w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-610x343.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-266x150.jpg 266w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-400x225.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/Grindavik_240114.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\"\/><br>\n<em>View of Grindav&#xED;k and the nearby eruptions (photograph: Almannavarnadeild r&#xED;kisl&#xF6;greglustj&#xF3;ra).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the <strong>true colour <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2<\/strong> satellite image taken in Oct. 2023 use the layer selector to add the other true colour datasets one by one. Try to identify the different <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> classes. Take the different seasons into account. What changes are caused by the eruption and the lava flow?<\/li>\n<li>Concentrate on the region north of Grindav&#xED;k. Which changes can you see? <\/li>\n<li>Look at the lava field and use the <strong>measure tool<\/strong> to estimate the extent and the area directly covered by lava.<\/li>\n<li>Use the layer selector to compare the <strong>true colour<\/strong> and <strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: false colour\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;false colour&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colour imaging process which produces an image of a colour that does not correspond to the true or natural colour of the scene (as seen by our eyes). In Earth observation often used e.g. with infrared data (False colour Infrared, FIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/false-colour\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">false colour<\/a> infrared<\/strong> images from the different dates. Why does the lava field appear in bright colours in some of the infrared images, while the snow-covered areas appear in dark blue? Think about the relation between infrared and thermal <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: radiation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;radiation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles that release energy when absorbed by an object.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/radiation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">radiation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>For advanced readers: The eruptions accompany elevation changes and a separation of the plates around the fissure. Use the layer selector to look at the Sentinel-1 interferograms from November 2023. One cycle of the colour fringes (from red via blue to red again) corresponds to a terrain shift according to a phase difference from -180&#xB0; to +180&#xB0; of the used radar waves, the total shift adds up to a maximum of about 700 mm. Compare this with the average annual shift of continental plates (several mm to several cm).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/4dgv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent Sentinel-2 dataset covering the area displayed in the satellite map.<\/li>\n<li>Select a true colour visualisation.<\/li>\n<li>Can you identify additional, recent changes in the area (check e.g. lava fields, craters)?<\/li>\n<li>Go back in time selecting earlier acquisition dates, until you reach the eruption phase covered in this case study. Can you identify more recent periods of volcanic activity?<\/li>\n<li>Select the false-colour infrared &#xAB;urban&#xBB; representation. Can you identify other areas of volcanic activity near Grindav&#xED;k?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_3_grindavik\/LIT06_3_EN_Grindavik.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_3_grindavik\/LIT06_3_DE_Grindavik.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_3_grindavik\/LIT06_3_FR_Grindavik.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_3_grindavik\/LIT06_3_IT_Grindavik.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_3_grindavik\/LIT06_3_ES_Grindavik.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.vedur.is\/about-imo\/news\/volcanic-unrest-grindavik-older-updates\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/en.vedur.is\/about-imo\/news\/volcanic-unrest-grindavik-older-updates<\/a> &#x2013; changes monitored during the Grindav&#xED;k eruptions<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/05\/Earth_from_Space_Changing_Iceland_in_colour\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>esa<\/a>.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/05\/Earth_from_Space_Changing_Iceland_in_colour<\/a> &#x2013; Grindav&#xED;k lava fields in an Sentinel-1 radar image<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/01\/Icelandic_lava\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/01\/Icelandic_lava<\/a> &#x2013; hot lava near Grindav&#xED;k in a Sentinel-2 infrared image<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sentiwiki.copernicus.eu\/web\/s1-mission#S1Mission-InterferometryS1-Mission-Interferometry\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/sentiwiki.copernicus.eu\/web\/s1-mission#S1Mission-InterferometryS1-Mission-<\/a><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: interferometry\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;interferometry&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Data analysis method exploiting the phase difference between two (electromagnetic) waves; used e.g. in radar satellite interferometry to derive elevation differences or changes.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/interferometry\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Interferometry<\/a> &#x2013; background information about Sentinel-1 radar interfernometry<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Island of Fire and Ice Iceland lies at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates diverge, causing frequent volcanic events. Since 2023, the region around Grindav&#xED;k, a town on Reykjanes Peninsula in the southwestern part of Iceland, has experienced increased volcanic activity. After eruptions in 2021 and 2022 at Fagradalsfjall, increased [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"es","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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