{"id":3923,"date":"2026-05-08T16:13:23","date_gmt":"2026-05-08T14:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=3923"},"modified":"2026-05-08T16:25:13","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T14:25:13","slug":"valencia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/valencia\/","title":{"rendered":"Valencia"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Flash flood in South-Western Europe<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd15_4_valencia\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In October 2024, one of the most severe natural disasters in recent Spanish history struck the eastern region of Valencia. Between late October and early November, heavy rainfall triggered catastrophic flash flooding that affected towns and countryside across the region.<br>\nThe floods were caused by an unusual and extremely powerful storm system. A low-pressure system moved over Spain and remained nearly stationary for several days. This system drew large amounts of moisture from the warm waters of the western Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean, leading to unusual, intense rainfall across eastern and southeastern Spain. In some areas around Valencia, the total amount of rainfall reached more than <strong>300 litres per square metre<\/strong> within less than 24 hours, far exceeding the amount of rain these places normally receive in an entire year.<\/p>\n<p>On 29 October 2024, the rainfall reached its maximum. Rivers such as the Magro, the Turia, and the Poyo overflowed their banks, and water surged across towns, agricultural fields, roadways and railways. The water levels rose so quickly that emergency services had to respond immediately, but many residents had little time to evacuate. The disaster caused enormous human, economic and infrastructural losses. More than 200 people died and hundreds of thousands were affected by the flooding.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3928\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3928\" class=\"wp-image-3928 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1-610x429.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1-610x429.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1-930x655.jpg 930w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1-768x541.jpg 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1-213x150.jpg 213w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1-400x282.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2026\/05\/Flood_2024_Catarroja-1.jpg 939w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"\/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3928\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The situation in the town of Catarroja, south of Valencia, on October 30, 2024 (Photograph: Manuel P&#xE9;rez Garc&#xED;a and Estefania Monerri M&#xED;nguez).<\/p><\/div>\n<p>During the floods the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: freshwater\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;freshwater&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of salts and other dissolved solids.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/freshwater\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">freshwater<\/a> lagoon Albufera, which is part of the <strong>Albufera Nature Park<\/strong>, received water from the river Rambla del Poyo on the north and from the paddies flooded by the Magro on the south. The water carried canes, mud, the upper layer of crop fields and garbage, including industrial material, plastic, fuel, and sewage, temporarily deteriorating the water quality in the lagoon.<\/p>\n<p>One of the most important <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite<\/a> programs for this disaster was <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a>. Copernicus satellites such as <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-1 and Sentinel-2 were used to map flooded regions around Valencia. Sentinel-1 uses radar, which can &#x201C;see&#x201D; through clouds and darkness, enabling analysts to create maps of flooded land even during a storm. Data from Copernicus were quickly turned into flood maps through the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS). These maps showed which areas were inundated and which regions were at greatest risk, thus helping to plan emergency measures.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Satellite Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite image map\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite image map&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Map created based on satellite image data.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/satellite-image-map\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite image map<\/a>, which at the start shows the situation on <strong>2024-10-26, before the flooding event<\/strong>. Try to identify different <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> types (water, vegetation, built-up areas).<\/li>\n<li>Use the layer selector tool in the upper right of the map to select the image acquired four days later on <strong>2024-10-30<\/strong>, and toggle between the two images by selecting and deselecting this layer. Which changes can you detect?<\/li>\n<li>Try to characterize the quality of the image of 2024-10-30. What disturbs the quality of the data? Try to identify clouds (and their shadows!). Why is this image used here despite its lower quality? Think about the availability of optical satellite data especially during events related to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: precipitation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;precipitation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Water falling from the atmosphere to the ground in liquid (rain) or solid (snow, hail) form.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/precipitation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">precipitation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Compare the images from 2024-10-26 and 2024-11-20 and focus on the freshwater lagoon in the south-east part of the map (part of the Albufera Nature Park). What differences in the colour of the water can you identify? What could be the reason for the differences? Think about sediments transported by the flood waters.<\/li>\n<li>Deselect the group of natural colour images and select the <strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NDWI\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NDWI&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Normalized Difference Water Index: A method used to identify water bodies in satellite image data based on the information contained in the green and near infrared (NIR) bands. NDWI = (Green - NIR)\/(Green + NIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/ndwi\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>NDWI<\/a> <\/strong>(normalized difference <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Water Index\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Water Index&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Measure of the proportion of an area covered by water.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/water-index\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">water index<\/a>) layers. Which type of representation of the data would you prefer for a quick assessment of the flood extent, and why?<\/li>\n<li>For hungry minds: select the other representations of the event (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: false colour\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;false colour&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colour imaging process which produces an image of a colour that does not correspond to the true or natural colour of the scene (as seen by our eyes). In Earth observation often used e.g. with infrared data (False colour Infrared, FIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/false-colour\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">false colour<\/a> infrared images, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Moisture Index\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Moisture Index&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Method to assess the water content of the surface layer of Earth based on satellite data.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/moisture-index\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">moisture index<\/a> maps, Sentinel-1 radar images) and try to identify the differences caused by the flood. Which representation types do you consider especially useful, and why?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Copernicus Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/mv73\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent Sentinel-2 dataset covering the area displayed in the satellite map.<\/li>\n<li>Select a true colour visualisation.<\/li>\n<li>Can you identify additional, recent changes in the area (check e.g. agricultural land and the freshwater lagoon Albufera)?<\/li>\n<li>Select the false colour infrared representation. Can you identify the land-use of the most intensely vegetated areas (represented by bright red colours)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links<\/h3>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>PDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd15_4_valencia\/HYD15_4_EN_Valencia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd15_4_valencia\/HYD15_4_DE_Valencia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd15_4_valencia\/HYD15_4_FR_Valencia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd15_4_valencia\/HYD15_4_IT_Valencia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd15_4_valencia\/HYD15_4_ES_Valencia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/11\/The_Copernicus_Emergency_Management_Service_monitors_the_floods_in_Valencia_Spain\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/11\/The_Copernicus_Emergency_Management_Service_monitors_the_floods_in_Valencia_Spain<\/a> &#x2013; the Copernicus Emergency Service maps the flooded region. <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Devastating_floods_in_Spain_witnessed_by_satellites\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Devastating_floods_in_Spain_witnessed_by_satellites<\/a> &ndash; <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> applications page on the coverage of the event with satellite data.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/10\/Valencia_flood_disaster\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/10\/Valencia_flood_disaster<\/a> &#x2013; Larger area overview of the region, showing the flood in Sentinel-2 and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Landsat\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Landsat&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Land Remote-Sensing Satellite, Series of Earth observation satellites first launched in 1973 and operated by the U.S. Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT). Commercialized under the Land Remote-Sensing Commercialization Act of 1984, Landsat is a series of satellites (formerly called ERTS) designed to gather data on the Earth&#x2019;s resources in a regular and systematic manner.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/landsat\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Landsat<\/a> 8 data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Flash flood in South-Western Europe In October 2024, one of the most severe natural disasters in recent Spanish history struck the eastern region of Valencia. Between late October and early November, heavy rainfall triggered catastrophic flash flooding that affected towns and countryside across the region. The floods were caused by an unusual and extremely powerful [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":24,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3923","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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