{"id":519,"date":"2022-03-29T16:00:20","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T14:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=519"},"modified":"2025-08-22T14:09:05","modified_gmt":"2025-08-22T12:09:05","slug":"europe-sst","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/","title":{"rendered":"Europe &#8211; SST"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Sea Surface Temperatures around Europe<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd03_1_sst-europe\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"670\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>The seas surrounding Europe&#x2014;including the North Atlantic, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Mediterranean&#x2014;are critical components of the continent&#x2019;s <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a> system. The sea surface temperatures (SSTs) influence weather patterns, ocean circula-tion, marine ecosystems, and coastal economies. Over the past decades, advances in <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite<\/a> technology have revolutionized the observation of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: SST\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SST&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Sea Surface Temperature. The temperature of the layer of seawater (approx. 0.5 m deep) near the surface.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/sst\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>SST<\/a>, allowing to track changes with high accuracy. The observations provide clear evidence of a long-term warming trend, closely tied to global <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate change\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate change&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural or man-made effects.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate change<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Traditionally, SST was measured from ships and buoys. These observations were limited in both space and time. Since the 1970s, satellites equipped with infrared and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: microwave\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;microwave&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between about 1000 &#x3BC;m and 1 m.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/microwave\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">microwave<\/a> sensors have allowed for near-global daily coverage of SST. Agencies such as the European Space Agency (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a>), <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NASA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NASA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA, established in 1958 with Headquarters in Washington D.C., is the agency responsible for the public space program of the USA. Its mission is to plan, direct, and conduct aeronautical and space activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/nasa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>NASA<\/a>, and EUMETSAT provide long-term data records.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Long-term trends<\/strong> in European seas: Satellite data show that the seas around Eu-rope have warmed significantly since the 1980s. The Mediterranean Sea stands out as one of the fastest-warming seas in the world, with SST increases of up to 0.4 &#xB0;C per decade in some parts. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea also show pronounced warming, with average SST increases of around 0.3 &#xB0;C per decade. By contrast, the North Atlantic shows more complex patterns. While the region south of Greenland has experienced periods of cooling, the waters west of Europe and around the Iberi-an Peninsula show sustained warming. This regional variability is partly explained by ocean circulation, such as changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which redistributes heat across the basin.<\/p>\n<p>Warming trends are <strong>not uniform across the seasons<\/strong>. Satellite data reveal that summer SSTs have increased more strongly than winter temperatures, especially in the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas. In shallow shelf seas like the North Sea, SST responds quickly to changes in atmospheric conditions, amplifying short-term warm-ing episodes. Conversely, deeper basins such as the eastern Mediterranean show more gradual, but persistent, increases. This is reflected also by the satellite maps presented here for the month of October.<\/p>\n<p>Another finding is the occurrence of <strong>marine heatwaves<\/strong>, periods of extremely high SST lasting days to weeks. These events have become more frequent and intense in European seas, particularly in the Mediterranean, where extreme warming in the summers of 2003, 2017, and 2022 caused increased mortality in marine species.<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Satellite Map:\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the <strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sea Surface Temperature\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sea Surface Temperature&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;SST. The temperature of the layer of seawater (approx. 0.5 m deep) near the surface.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/glossary\/sea-surface-temperature\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sea Surface Temperature<\/a> maps from October 2009 and 2021<\/strong>. Move the mouse cursor over the <strong>layer selector<\/strong> icon in the upper right of the satellite map and toggle between the 2009 and the 2021 map by switching the layer &#x201C;SST Oct. 2021&#x201D; on and off.<\/li>\n<li>Try to identify regions where the SST has increased and where it has decreased.<\/li>\n<li>Discuss why it might be difficult to assess changes with this data. Think about the expected extent of changes (several &#xB0;C) compared with the temperature differences between north and south (up to 30&#xB0;C) &#x2013; what will be easier to see?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deselect<\/strong> now the SST layers in the layer selector and have a look to the SST Difference map showing the SST changes between October 2009 and October 2021. Is it easier to see changes now? Where do you see an increase, where a decrease in the SST?<\/li>\n<li>Why don&#x2019;t we see increasing SST everywhere? Think about the influence of weather, e.g. cooler atmospheric currents masking overall trends.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Links<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>PDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd03_1_sst-europe\/HYD03_1_EN_SST-Europe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd03_1_sst-europe\/HYD03_1_DE_SST-Europe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd03_1_sst-europe\/HYD03_1_FR_SST-Europe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd03_1_sst-europe\/HYD03_1_IT_SST-Europe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd03_1_sst-europe\/HYD03_1_ES_SST-Europe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>The ESA Climate Office&#x2019;s project on Sea Surface Temperatures: <a href=\"https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/sea-surface-temperature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/sea-surface-temperature\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>More about ESA&#x2019;s activities concerning Sea Surface Temperature measurements: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Space_for_our_climate\/Sea_Surface_Temperature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Space_for_our_climate\/Sea_Surface_Temperature<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sea Surface Temperatures around Europe The seas surrounding Europe&#x2014;including the North Atlantic, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Mediterranean&#x2014;are critical components of the continent&#x2019;s climate system. The sea surface temperatures (SSTs) influence weather patterns, ocean circula-tion, marine ecosystems, and coastal economies. Over the past decades, advances in satellite technology have revolutionized the observation [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":24,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-519","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"es","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"- ESA Schoolatlas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ESA Schoolatlas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-08-22T12:09:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"320\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"316\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/\",\"name\":\"- ESA Schoolatlas\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-29T14:00:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-08-22T12:09:05+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/es\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Hydrosphere\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Europe &#8211; 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