{"id":21,"date":"2021-10-21T16:21:59","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T14:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=21"},"modified":"2026-02-03T16:11:13","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T15:11:13","slug":"lithosphere","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/lithosphere\/","title":{"rendered":"Lithosphere"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lithosphere<\/h2>\n

The ground on which we stand is the part we usually realize of the lithosphere (from Greek lithos<\/em> for stone), which comprises the solid outermost layers of the Earth, its crust and its upper mantle. The lithosphere is the frame for geologic processes on shorter timescales such as volcanism and earthquakes. Additionally, here extremely slow processes such as continental drift, the formation of mountains and the erosion<\/a> of landscapes take place.<\/p>\n

The lithosphere is the most stable of the spheres of the system Earth. Nevertheless, in addition to the mentioned processes human activities influence the lithosphere. Mining and construction works have a direct impact. Indirectly humanity influences the lithosphere via climate change<\/a>, which among others has an impact on the stability of slopes and on the intensity of landscape erosion.<\/p>\n

Select your Case Study:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Tectonic<\/a> Processes and Erosion<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nHimalayas Folding<\/a>, India
\nThe Himalayan mountain ridge is the result of the collision of two tectonic plates.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nEast African Rift Valley<\/a>, Ethiopia
\nAlong the East African Rift Valley the Somalia Plate splits from the African Plate, forming a unique landscape.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nErosion in the Himalayas<\/a>, China\/Nepal
\nGlacial and fluvial<\/a> erosion are important processes forming the landscapes of the Himalayas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nGrand Canyon<\/a>, U.S.A.
\nOver millions of years the Colorado River has carved the Grand Canyon into the flat Colorado Plateau.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nTracy Arm Fjord<\/a>, U.S.A.
\nA landslide triggered by a retreating glacier shapes a landscape.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nBlatten<\/a>, Switzerland
\nIn May 2025 a huge mountain slide devastated the alpine village of Blatten.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Volcanoes and Volcanism<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nMount Etna<\/a>, Italy
\nMount Etna is the highest and one of the most active volcanoes in Europe.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nLa Palma<\/a>, Spain
\nThe 2021 eruption on the island of La Palma caused widespread destruction.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nGrindavík<\/a>, Iceland
\nEruptions on Iceland forming new Earth crust.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nKilimanjaro<\/a>, Tanzania
\nThe highest mountain in Africa is a volcano with a glacier around its peak.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mining Activities<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nAitik<\/a>, Sweden
\nCopper mining at the Aitik mine has drastically changed the landscape.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nBełchatów<\/a>, Poland
\nOver the years, the open pit lignite mine follows the lignite deposits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nSalar de Atacama<\/a>, Chile
\nThe need for lithium for batteries increases the saltpans, by which it is extracted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nMadre de Dios<\/a>, Peru
\nGoldmining changes rainforests into a landscape with poisonous ponds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\nWeipa<\/a>, Australia
\nIn a remote area of Australia the Weipa mine is one of the world’s largest mines producing Bauxite for the Aluminium industry.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lithosphere The ground on which we stand is the part we usually realize of the lithosphere (from Greek lithos for stone), which comprises the solid outermost layers of the Earth, its crust and its upper mantle. The lithosphere is the frame for geologic processes on shorter timescales such as volcanism and earthquakes. Additionally, here extremely […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"\nLithosphere - ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/lithosphere\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lithosphere - 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