{"id":2202,"date":"2025-02-05T13:13:15","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T12:13:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2202"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:57:30","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:57:30","slug":"east-african-rift","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/lithosphere\/east-african-rift\/","title":{"rendered":"East African Rift Valley"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>East African Rift Valley<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: tectonic\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;tectonic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Related to processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth&#x2018;s crust and its evolution through time.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/tectonic\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Tectonic<\/a> Activities shape the Earth<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The crustal movements and deformations driven by the movement of tectonic plates are powerful processes, shaping the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The Earth&#x2019;s lithosphere, comprising the crust and upper mantle, sees immense forces related to the movement and interaction of these plates, leading to the formation of mountains, rift valleys, earthquakes, and other geological phenomena. Examples illustrating tectonic processes are the Himalayas, where tectonic plates collide, and the East African Rift Valley, where they are pulled apart.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A continent breaking apart &#x2013; Rift Valleys<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The East African Rift Valley is the result of divergent forces tearing apart the African continent. The Earth&#x2019;s crust is being pulled apart along a system of rifts, resulting from tectonic plates moving away from each other. This so-called continental rifting forms the initial stages of plate boundary evolution. Magma from the mantle contributes to the thinning and eventual separation of continental landmasses. The rift valley&#x2019;s landscape is characterized by steep cliffs, volcanic activity, and lakes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2307 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"35%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation.jpg 602w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/RiftValleyFormation-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\"\/><br>\n<em>Schematic view of the formation of a rift valley.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the satellite map showing the overview satellite image of the larger region and switch the layer &#xAB;&#xA0;Rifts&#xA0;&#xBB; on and off. Which landscape features can you identify that are related to the rifts? Focus on mountain ridges, lakes, and valleys.<\/li>\n<li>Think about the mechanism of rift valleys, with tectonic plates moving away from each other. To which directions are the parts of the satellite map moving? Hint: the rifts form more or less in a right angle with respect to the plate movement.<\/li>\n<li>Now zoom to the area southeast of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, which is presented in high <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: resolution\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;resolution&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Level of detail an image holds. It is typically measured by the size of pixels (area on the Earth surface covered by one pixel) in the image, often expressed as width &#xD7; height, and indicates how much detail can be captured or displayed. Higher resolution means more detail and clarity in the image.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/resolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">resolution<\/a>. Hint: deselect the layer &#xAB;&#xA0;background&#xA0;&#xBB;, select the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2 image from 2023, and zoom to the area highlighted by the red quadrangle &#xAB;&#xA0;EastAfricanRiftValley_detail_extent&#xA0;&#xBB;.<\/li>\n<li>Which elements of a rift valley can you identify here?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/lhmw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent Sentinel-2 data covering the case study area.<\/li>\n<li>Use a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: false colour\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;false colour&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colour imaging process which produces an image of a colour that does not correspond to the true or natural colour of the scene (as seen by our eyes). In Earth observation often used e.g. with infrared data (False colour Infrared, FIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/false-colour\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">false colour<\/a> infrared representation.<\/li>\n<li>Compare the extent of the evaporation ponds with that in the latest satellite image in the case study. Can you detect changes? Which reasons can you imagine? Think about seasons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/LIT01_3_EN_EastAfricanRift.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/LIT01_3_DE_EastAfricanRift.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/LIT01_3_FR_EastAfricanRift.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/LIT01_3_IT_EastAfricanRift.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/LIT01_3_ES_EastAfricanRift.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on pages 24-25 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_3_east-african-rift\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/geology.com\/articles\/east-africa-rift.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/geology.com\/articles\/east-africa-rift.shtml<\/a> &#x2013; Background information about the geology of the East African Rift Valley.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2013\/08\/Rift_Valley_dynamics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2013\/08\/Rift_Valley_dynamics<\/a> &#x2013; Video showing the dynamics of the East African Rift as observed by satellites.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2020\/06\/Earth_from_Space_Great_Rift_Valley_Kenya\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2020\/06\/Earth_from_Space_Great_Rift_Valley_Kenya<\/a> &#x2013; Video showing Sentinel-2 data of the East African Rift Valley.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2020\/06\/Great_Rift_Valley_Kenya\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2020\/06\/Great_Rift_Valley_Kenya<\/a> &#x2013; Sentinel-2 image of a part of the Rift Valley in Kenya.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2010\/10\/Lake_Malawi_Great_Rift_Valley\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2010\/10\/Lake_Malawi_Great_Rift_Valley<\/a> &#x2013; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Envisat\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Envisat&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Environmental Satellite mission, 2002-2012; large platform monitoring the environmental changes on earth and in the atmosphere, scientific mission to study Earth observation applications.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/envisat\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Envisat<\/a> image of Lake Malawi, located in the southern part of the Great Rift Valley.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/77566\/east-african-rift-valley-kenya\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NASA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NASA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA, established in 1958 with Headquarters in Washington D.C., is the agency responsible for the public space program of the USA. Its mission is to plan, direct, and conduct aeronautical and space activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/nasa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>nasa<\/a>.gov\/images\/77566\/east-african-rift-valley-kenya<\/a> &#x2013; astronaut photo of lakes and fault scarps along the Great Rift Valley.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>East African Rift Valley Tectonic Activities shape the Earth The crustal movements and deformations driven by the movement of tectonic plates are powerful processes, shaping the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The Earth&#x2019;s lithosphere, comprising the crust and upper mantle, sees immense forces related to the movement and interaction of these plates, [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2202","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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