{"id":2239,"date":"2025-02-05T14:36:55","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T13:36:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2239"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:57:25","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:57:25","slug":"elnino","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/hydrosphere\/elnino\/","title":{"rendered":"El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>El Ni&#xF1;o and La Ni&#xF1;a<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst-anomaly_leg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"20%\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-2322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst-anomaly_leg.jpg 385w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst-anomaly_leg-156x150.jpg 156w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst-anomaly_leg-300x288.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\"\/><br>\nEl Ni&#xF1;o and La Ni&#xF1;a are two opposite phases of the El Ni&#xF1;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a> phenomenon that significantly affects global weather patterns. El Ni&#xF1;o occurs when the surface waters of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become unusually warm, while La Ni&#xF1;a refers to cooler-than-normal ocean temperatures in that region. Both events disrupt weather systems worldwide, enhancing extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes.<\/p>\n<p>The La Ni&#xF1;a event of 2010&#x2013;2011 was one of the strongest in recent history. It led to cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, which in turn influenced weather systems globally. This La Ni&#xF1;a caused significant disruptions, such as floods in Australia, Thailand and the Philippines, and droughts in East Africa and in the southern U.S. <\/p>\n<p>The 2015&#x2013;2016 El Ni&#xF1;o, one of the strongest on record, was characterized by unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the Pacific. This event disrupted weather patterns across the globe, with floods in South America and California and droughts in Southeast Asia and Australia, and made 2016 one of the warmest years on record.<\/p>\n<p>Satellites like TOPEX\/Poseidon and Jason together with <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: geostationary\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;geostationary&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes an orbit in which a satellite is always in the same position with respect to the rotating Earth. The satellite travels around the Earth in the same direction, at an altitude of approximately 35,790 km because that produces an orbital period equal to the period of rotation of the Earth. Used for weather satellites and most commercial telecommunications satellites.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/geostationary\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">geostationary<\/a> weather satellites such as <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: METEOSAT\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;METEOSAT&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;METEOrological SATellite - Europe&#x2019;s geostationary weather satellite, launched by the European Space Agency and operated by Eumetsat. The series of METEOSAT satellites was started in 1977, currently the third generation is active (MTG).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/meteosat\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Meteosat<\/a> provide data on <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sea Surface Temperature\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sea Surface Temperature&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;SST. The temperature of the layer of seawater (approx. 0.5 m deep) near the surface.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/sea-surface-temperature\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sea surface temperature<\/a> (<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: SST\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SST&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Sea Surface Temperature. The temperature of the layer of seawater (approx. 0.5 m deep) near the surface.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/sst\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>SST<\/a>), ocean surface height, and wind patterns. These measurements allow to detect early signs of El Ni&ntilde;o or La Ni&ntilde;a development by tracking anomalies in ocean temperatures and circulation patterns.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the Sea surface temperature anomaly maps from 2011 and 2015 and try to identify regions with lower\/higher sea surface temperatures than normal.<\/li>\n<li>Try to estimate the width and the area of the affected ocean surface.<\/li>\n<li>In these maps, what are typical values for the anomalies (deviations from the normal temperature)?<\/li>\n<li>Can you imagine, in which way the temperature deviations affect the weather in and around these regions? Think about the role of the surface temperature for water evaporation and the subsequent formation of clouds and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: precipitation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;precipitation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Water falling from the atmosphere to the ground in liquid (rain) or solid (snow, hail) form.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/precipitation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">precipitation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/HYD04_2_EN_ElNino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/HYD04_2_DE_ElNino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/HYD04_2_FR_ElNino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/HYD04_2_IT_ElNino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/HYD04_2_ES_ElNino.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on pages 34-35 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_2_el-nino\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>ESA <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate change\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate change&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural or man-made effects.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Climate Change<\/a> Initiative video about the 2023 El Ni&#xF1;o: <a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-43\/0\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-43\/0<\/a> <\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El Ni&#xF1;o and La Ni&#xF1;a El Ni&#xF1;o and La Ni&#xF1;a are two opposite phases of the El Ni&#xF1;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a climate phenomenon that significantly affects global weather patterns. El Ni&#xF1;o occurs when the surface waters of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become unusually warm, while La Ni&#xF1;a refers to cooler-than-normal ocean temperatures in [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":24,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2239","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta 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