{"id":2580,"date":"2025-02-13T16:59:42","date_gmt":"2025-02-13T15:59:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2580"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:56:43","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:56:43","slug":"antarctica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/cryosphere\/antarctica\/","title":{"rendered":"Antarctic Ice"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Ice Sheet and Ice Shelves<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>During the last decades, Antarctica, the largest desert on Earth, has gained increasing awareness in the scientific and political communities. This is due to its importance for Earth&#x2019;s <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a> and for the consequences of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate change\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate change&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural or man-made effects.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate change<\/a> for humanity.<\/p>\n<p>The Antarctic ice sheet covers about 14 million square kilometres, holding around 26.5 million cubic kilometres of ice, equivalent to 60-70% of the world&#x2019;s fresh water. If fully melted, this ice sheet could raise global sea levels by nearly 58 meters. The ice sheet is divided into two main sections: the more stable East Antarctic Ice Sheet and the smaller, more vulnerable West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which alone could raise sea levels by 3.3 meters if it collapses.<\/p>\n<p>Where the glaciers of Antarctica meet the Antarctic Ocean, the ice shelves are located. Ice shelves are typically 100 to several hundred metres thick, stable ice bodies floating on the water. The warming of the oceans reduces the stability of the ice shelves and leads to the calving of large icebergs. The ice shelves, like the Ross and Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelves, help stabilize glaciers and prevent them from flowing directly into the ocean. However, warming ocean currents are melting these shelves from beneath, threatening their stability. For example, the dramatic collapse of the Larsen B Ice Shelf in 2002, which lost 3,250 square kilometres of ice in just a few weeks, highlights the potential for rapid ice loss.<\/p>\n<p>Antarctica experiences seasonal sea ice variation. During the Antarctic winter, the sea ice expands dramatically, covering up to 18 million square kilometres (about twice the size of the United States). In the summer, the ice recedes to 3-4 million square kilometres. This seasonal cycle influences the heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> observations show current trends: Antarctica has been losing about 150-200 billion tons of ice per year on average over the past few decades, with accelerated ice loss in the West Antarctic region. Altimetry satellites like <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a>&rsquo;s <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: CryoSat\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;CryoSat&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ESA research satellite mapping the Earth&#x2019;s cryosphere and collecting data in particular on the volume of the ice sheets in the Arctic and Antarctic (since 2010).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/cryosat\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">CryoSat<\/a>-2 provide data on ice thinning rates.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Satellite Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the visualisation of the Antarctic sea ice extent in September and in March using the layer selector. Use the <strong>measure tool<\/strong> to measure the overall ice area in September and March and estimate the seasonal change of the sea ice extent.<\/li>\n<li>Add now the Ice thickness layer (note: the ice thickness varies between 0 (blue) and about 4000 metres (red). Where is the ice sheet thickest? Is this at the South Pole? (Note: try to find the South Pole looking at the coordinates displayed for the mouse cursor in the lower left of the satellite map)<\/li>\n<li>Why is there more ice in September? In which months do we have summer\/winter in the southern hemisphere?<\/li>\n<li>Let&#x2019;s estimate the amount of ice stored in the Antarctic sea ice. Sea ice is typically 1-2 metres thick. Using the maximum extent of 18 million square kilometres leads to a total volume of about 25,000 cubic kilometres (check taking the used units into account!).<\/li>\n<li>Compare this value with the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet given in the text (26.5 million cubic kilometres). How much more ice is stored in the ice sheet? Is this factor of about 1000 plausible? Think about the differences in the thickness of the ice bodies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/CRY03_1_EN_Antarctica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/CRY03_1_DE_Antarctica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/CRY03_1_FR_Antarctica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/CRY03_1_IT_Antarctica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/CRY03_1_ES_Antarctica.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on page 44 of the printed ESA Schoolatlas &#x2013; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cry03_1_antarctica\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Space_for_our_climate\/An_improved_view_of_global_sea_ice\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Space_for_our_climate\/An_improved_view_of_global_sea_ice<\/a> &#x2013; ESA report on technical improvements of sea ice data from satellites.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Copernicus\/Sentinel-1\/Antarctic_ice_shelf_demise\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/<\/a><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a>\/<a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-1\/Antarctic_ice_shelf_demise &#x2013; development of the Antarctic ice shelves.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2019\/05\/Antarctic_ice_loss_1992_2019\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2019\/05\/Antarctic_ice_loss_1992_2019<\/a> &#x2013; ESA Applications animation of the Antarctic ice loss as derived from CryoSat data (animated map and diagram)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/stories\/2018-06-15\/sea-level-rise-due-to-antarctic-ice-melt-has-tripled-over-past-five-years\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/stories\/2018-06-15\/sea-level-rise-due-to-antarctic-ice-melt-has-tripled-over-past-five-years\/<\/a> &#x2013; Report on the ice loss from Antarctica with a diagram assigning the loss to the main parts of Antarctica.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/FutureEO\/CryoSat\/Our_world_is_losing_ice_at_record_rate\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/FutureEO\/CryoSat\/Our_world_is_losing_ice_at_record_rate<\/a> &#x2013; Putting the different global ice loss contributions into context.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ice Sheet and Ice Shelves During the last decades, Antarctica, the largest desert on Earth, has gained increasing awareness in the scientific and political communities. This is due to its importance for Earth&#x2019;s climate and for the consequences of climate change for humanity. The Antarctic ice sheet covers about 14 million square kilometres, holding around [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1645,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2580","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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