{"id":2718,"date":"2025-02-18T13:42:38","date_gmt":"2025-02-18T12:42:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2718"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:54:38","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:54:38","slug":"ozone-hole","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/atmosphere\/ozone-hole\/","title":{"rendered":"Ozone Hole"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Antarctic Ozone Hole<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><br>\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-2723\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-930x347.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"25%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-930x347.jpg 930w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-610x227.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-768x286.jpg 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-402x150.jpg 402w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-400x149.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone-600x224.jpg 600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/leg_ozone.jpg 1497w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Ozone (O&#x2083;) is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms. It plays a crucial role in Earth&#x2019;s atmosphere by absorbing parts of the sun&#x2019;s ultraviolet (UV) <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: radiation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;radiation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles that release energy when absorbed by an object.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/radiation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">radiation<\/a>. Ozone forms a layer in the stratosphere, protecting life on Earth from the impact of UV radiation such as skin cancer, cataracts, and other biological damage. In the 1980s, scientists discovered a seasonal depletion of ozone over Antarctica&#x2014;a phenomenon known as the Antarctic ozone hole.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Antarctic ozone hole<\/strong> forms each spring in the Southern Hemisphere (August to October), when ozone concentrations over the region drop dramatically (while there is no real &#x201C;hole&#x201D; in the atmosphere, this term is used for areas with an ozone concentration below 200 Dobson units). This depletion is largely due to human-made chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), previously used in refrigerants, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: aerosol\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;aerosol&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colloid of solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas (e.g. smoke, fog).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/aerosol\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aerosol<\/a> sprays, and solvents. When CFCs reach the stratosphere, UV radiation breaks them down, releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone molecules, destroying them in a chemical process. The extreme cold temperatures over Antarctica further exacerbate this process by forming stratospheric clouds, which provide surfaces for chemical reactions that accelerate ozone depletion.<\/p>\n<p>In 1987, an international agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances was made (Montreal Protocol), leading to a significant decrease of the use of CFCs and other ozone-harming chemicals. Due to their long atmospheric lifetimes, these substances continue to influence ozone levels, and the Antarctic ozone hole remains a recurring phenomenon. A gradual decrease in the severity of the ozone hole was observed since the late 1990s, indicating a slow but steady recovery, even though this is not a smooth process.<\/p>\n<p>Satellites are important tools for monitoring ozone levels and the Antarctic ozone hole. They provide valuable data on atmospheric composition, enabling scientists to track changes in ozone levels, understand the dynamics of ozone depletion, and assess the effectiveness of global environmental policies.<\/p>\n<p>In this important field, contributions of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> satellites include missions such as <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Envisat\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Envisat&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Environmental Satellite mission, 2002-2012; large platform monitoring the environmental changes on earth and in the atmosphere, scientific mission to study Earth observation applications.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/envisat\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Envisat<\/a> (2002-2012), MetOp (since 2006), <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-5P (since 2017), and planned missions like Sentinel-5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-2725\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-930x540.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-930x540.png 930w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-610x354.png 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-768x446.png 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-1536x892.png 1536w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-258x150.png 258w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-1600x929.png 1600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-400x232.png 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development-600x348.png 600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/ozonehole-area_development.png 1653w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\"\/><br>\n<em>Development of the maximum area of the Antarctic ozone hole (source: <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NASA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NASA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA, established in 1958 with Headquarters in Washington D.C., is the agency responsible for the public space program of the USA. Its mission is to plan, direct, and conduct aeronautical and space activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/nasa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>NASA<\/a> Ozone Watch 2024).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Maps:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Have a look at the satellite maps showing the development of the ozone concentration in October over Antarctica between 1970 and 2020. Which differences can you identify?<\/li>\n<li>Looking at the map of the ozone concentrations, where can you find the lowest concentrations? What might be the reason? Think about the temperature and its role for the formation of clouds.<\/li>\n<li>Look at the diagram below showing the development of the maximum ozone hole area and describe the development, taking the year of the Montreal Protocol into account.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>PDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ATM05_4_EN_Ozone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ATM05_4_DE_Ozone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ATM05_4_FR_Ozone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ATM05_4_IT_Ozone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ATM05_4_ES_Ozone.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on pages 54-55 of the printed ESA Schoolatlas &#x2013; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page54-55.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page54-55.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page54-55.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page54-55.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/atm05_4_ozone\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page54-55.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/<\/a><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a>.esa.int\/en\/projects\/ozone\/ &#x2013; description of the ESA <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate change\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate change&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural or man-made effects.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/fr\/glossary\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Climate Change<\/a> Initiative (CCI) project on ozone, providing access to a wealth of advanced data and links.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-8\/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-8\/0<\/a> &#x2013; ESA CCi story about the role of ozone and the development of the Antarctic ozone hole, covering the role of ozone for climate and near the ground, too.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2015\/11\/Essential_Climate_Variables_Ozone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2015\/11\/Essential_Climate_Variables_Ozone\/<\/a> &#x2013; ESA CCI video on the role of ozone as a climate variable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Antarctic Ozone Hole Ozone (O&#x2083;) is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms. It plays a crucial role in Earth&#x2019;s atmosphere by absorbing parts of the sun&#x2019;s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone forms a layer in the stratosphere, protecting life on Earth from the impact of UV radiation such as skin cancer, cataracts, and other biological [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":96,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2718","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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