{"id":2199,"date":"2025-02-05T13:08:34","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T12:08:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2199"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:57:50","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:57:50","slug":"himalaya-folding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/lithosphere\/himalaya-folding\/","title":{"rendered":"Himalayas Folding"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: tectonic\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;tectonic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Related to processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth&#x2018;s crust and its evolution through time.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/tectonic\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Tectonic<\/a> Folding in the Himalayas<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tectonic Activities shape the Earth<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The crustal movements and deformations driven by the movement of tectonic plates are powerful processes, shaping the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The Earth&#x2019;s lithosphere, comprising the crust and upper mantle, sees immense forces related to the movement and interaction of these plates, leading to the formation of mountains, rift valleys, earthquakes, and other geological phenomena. Examples illustrating tectonic processes are the Himalayas, where tectonic plates collide, and the East African Rift Valley, where they are pulled apart.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Folding Mountains &#x2013; the Himalayas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Himalayas, stretching across South Asia, are the result of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. This ongoing collision began around 50 million years ago and continues to shape the landscape of the region. The converging plates have caused the uplift of mountain ranges, including Mount Everest, the world&#x2019;s highest peak with an elevation of 8,849 meters above sea level. The Himalayas exhibit a wealth of geologic processes, including folding and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: erosion\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;erosion&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Surface processes (e.g. water flow or wind) removing soil, rock, or dissolved material from the Earth&#x2018;s crust and transporting it to another location where it is deposited.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/erosion\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">erosion<\/a>, exposing rock layers of different age.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite image map\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite image map&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Map created based on satellite image data.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/satellite-image-map\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite image map<\/a> and try to identify important landuse and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> classes (focus on bare land, sparse vegetation, dense vegetation, and snow\/ice).<\/li>\n<li>Look at the satellite image and try to identify different landscape features. Can you separate valleys from mountain ridges? Which role do shadows\/illumination play for your considerations? Think about the role of the sun position, which is more or less south-southeast of the image. <\/li>\n<li>Which of the features would you attribute to the folding (uprising) process, which to erosion?<\/li>\n<li>Identify the location of the Himalayas in the global map above.<\/li>\n<li>Can you see differences in the vegetation in the southern and in the northern parts of the satellite iamge? What could be the reason why the vegetation in the region north of the Himalayas is scarcer than in the south? Think about the role of mountain ridges as barriers for wind currents.<\/li>\n<li>Use the layer selector to toggle the satellite image on and off. Compare the information content of the satellite image with that of the OpenStreetMap. Try to identify situations, in which the satellite image can provide valuable additional information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/vj7n\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2 data covering the case study area.<\/li>\n<li>Use a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: false colour\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;false colour&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colour imaging process which produces an image of a colour that does not correspond to the true or natural colour of the scene (as seen by our eyes). In Earth observation often used e.g. with infrared data (False colour Infrared, FIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/false-colour\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">false colour<\/a> infrared representation.<\/li>\n<li>Compare the extent of the evaporation ponds with that in the latest satellite image in the case study. Can you detect changes? Which reasons can you imagine?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/LIT01_2_EN_HimalayasFolding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/LIT01_2_DE_HimalayasFolding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/LIT01_2_FR_HimalayasFolding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/LIT01_2_IT_HimalayasFolding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/LIT01_2_ES_HimalayasFolding.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on pages 24-25 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit01_2_himalayas-folding\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page24-25.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2018\/06\/Mount_Makalu_Himalayas\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2018\/06\/Mount_Makalu_Himalayas<\/a> &#x2013; ESA image of one of the fifth highest mountains in the world, showing (retreating) ice and snow at the &#x201C;roof of the world&#x201D;.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/02\/Earth_from_Space_A_veil_of_haze_and_smoke\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2024\/02\/Earth_from_Space_A_veil_of_haze_and_smoke<\/a>  &#x2013; Sentinel-3 image of the Himalayas, a high-reaching barrier for atmospheric currents.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2016\/12\/Proba-V_images_Mount_Everest\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2016\/12\/<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: PROBA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PROBA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Project for On-Board Autonomy. Small scale technology demonstration satellites of ESA, carrying several earth observation instruments with ground resolutions down to 20 m (CHRIS, multispectral) and 5 m (HRV, panchromatic).&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/proba\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Proba<\/a>-V_images_Mount_Everest<\/a> &ndash; large area satellite image (Proba-V) showing the Himalayas separating the <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: arid\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;arid&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Dry. A climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/arid\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>arid<\/a> north from the lush vegetation in the south.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/147980\/himalayas-near-and-far\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NASA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NASA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA, established in 1958 with Headquarters in Washington D.C., is the agency responsible for the public space program of the USA. Its mission is to plan, direct, and conduct aeronautical and space activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/nasa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>nasa<\/a>.gov\/images\/147980\/himalayas-near-and-far<\/a> &#x2013; Astronaut photo of the Himalayas viewed over Mt. Everest towards east.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tectonic Folding in the Himalayas Tectonic Activities shape the Earth The crustal movements and deformations driven by the movement of tectonic plates are powerful processes, shaping the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The Earth&#x2019;s lithosphere, comprising the crust and upper mantle, sees immense forces related to the movement and interaction of these [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2199","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"it","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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