{"id":2946,"date":"2025-03-12T10:48:23","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T09:48:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2946"},"modified":"2025-03-12T13:08:05","modified_gmt":"2025-03-12T12:08:05","slug":"tokyo-bay","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/anthroposphere\/tokyo-bay\/","title":{"rendered":"Tokyo Bay"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Expansion into the Bay<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/ant09_3_tokyo-bay\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Tokyo Bay has undergone significant development in the past five decades, driven by economic growth and urban expansion. Since the 16th century, Tokyo Bay has lost much of its original coastline due to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land reclamation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land reclamation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Process of transforming water surfaces into land or making formerly unused land surfaces accessible to use.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/land-reclamation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land reclamation<\/a>. Large sections of the bay were filled in to create space for industrial zones, ports, airports, and residential areas. Some of the most important reclaimed areas include <strong>Odaiba<\/strong>, a futuristic waterfront district, and <strong>Makuhari<\/strong>, a business and entertainment hub. By 2020, nearly 250 square kilometres of land had been reclaimed.<\/p>\n<p>The Tokyo metropolitan area includes the <strong>Chiba<\/strong> Prefecture in the east and Kanagawa Prefecture with the cities of <strong>Kawasaki<\/strong> and <strong>Yokohama<\/strong> in the south. It surrounds the bay and has seen a population growth from around 26 million in 1970 to over 37 million today, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. This rapid expansion has been fuelled by Japan&rsquo;s economic boom, during which Tokyo&rsquo;s <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: GDP\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;GDP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Gross Domestic Product: Monetary value of final goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time (e.g. a year), a measure of the economic power of a country.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/gdp\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>GDP<\/a> (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: gross domestic product\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;gross domestic product&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;GDP: Monetary value of final goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time (e.g. a year), a measure of the economic power of a country.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/gross-domestic-product\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">gross domestic product<\/a>) increased from about &#x20AC; 280 billion in the 1970s to over &#x20AC; 1,800 billion today.<\/p>\n<p>One of the most famous projects in Tokyo Bay is <strong>Tokyo Disneyland<\/strong>, which opened in 1983 on reclaimed land in Urayasu. Another major project is <strong>Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line<\/strong>, a 15-kilometer tunnel-bridge highway, completed in 1997, connecting Kanagawa and Chiba prefectures to reduce congestion around the city. Additionally, <strong>Haneda Airport<\/strong> expanded significantly with a new international terminal, built on reclaimed land, to accommodate rising air traffic. The 2020 Tokyo Olympics also led to the construction of new stadiums and transportation networks around the bay.<\/p>\n<p>Tokyo Bay&#x2019;s rapid development has contributed significantly to Japan&#x2019;s economy, with its port handling over 100 million tons of cargo annually. However, industrialization and urban expansion have led to pollution and habitat loss, too. Recent efforts focus on environmental restoration, such as seawater purification systems and artificial tidal flats to improve water quality and protect marine life.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2949 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/03\/haneda_airport.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/03\/haneda_airport.jpg 600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/03\/haneda_airport-223x150.jpg 223w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/03\/haneda_airport-400x269.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/03\/haneda_airport-300x202.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\"\/><br>\n<em>Aerial view of Haneda Airport, built on artificial islands in the Tokyo Bay (photograph: Bruno Plas).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Map:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the satellite image maps and discuss the changes that occurred in the region between <strong>1973, 1984, 2017,<\/strong> and <strong>2025,<\/strong>&#xA0;use the <strong>layer selector<\/strong> to switch the respective layers on and off.<\/li>\n<li>Which factors have originally limited the growth of the city area?<\/li>\n<li>Try to identify areas in which these limitations have been overcome and describe how this was done.<\/li>\n<li>Try to identify changes in the land-use in the region and especially the land-use in the newly gained areas.<\/li>\n<li>Try to identify the places mentioned in the text in the satellite map and focus on the development in these areas by comparing the satellite images.<\/li>\n<li>Use the layer selector to compare the quality of the satellite data &#x2013; in which respect has it improved? Think e.g. about the level of detail and the spectral quality of the data. (Note: in older datasets there are sometimes errors due to transmission problems, see e.g. the 1973 image).<\/li>\n<li>Use the layer selector to activate the water area layers (<strong>1973_water etc.<\/strong>) one by one and try to identify when the largest development projects were performed. Use the <strong>measure tool<\/strong> to get an idea of the areas involved in some of these projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/txx5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent <strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2<\/strong> dataset covering the area displayed in the satellite map.<\/li>\n<li>Select a true colour visualisation.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the colours of the water and try to identify factors influencing the colour. What can you say about the ship traffic in the Bay?<\/li>\n<li>Try some of the other visualisations (LAYERS) offered by the Copernicus Browser (False Color, False Color (urban), <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NDVI\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NDVI&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Normalized Difference Vegetation Index: A model for converting satellite-based measurements into surface vegetation types. The NDVI uses a complex ratio of reflectance in the red and near-infrared portions of the spectrum to accomplish this. It is a quantity that measures greenness and vigour of vegetation. NDVI = (NIR - Red)\/(NIR + Red).&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/ndvi\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>NDVI<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Moisture Index\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Moisture Index&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Method to assess the water content of the surface layer of Earth based on satellite data.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/moisture-index\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Moisture Index<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NDWI\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NDWI&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Normalized Difference Water Index: A method used to identify water bodies in satellite image data based on the information contained in the green and near infrared (NIR) bands. NDWI = (Green - NIR)\/(Green + NIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/ndwi\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>NDWI<\/a>, &hellip;). Which of them do you consider useful for assessing the coastline? Why?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>PDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/ant09_3_tokyo-bay\/ANT09_3_EN_Tokyo-Bay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/ant09_3_tokyo-bay\/ANT09_3_DE_Tokyo-Bay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/ant09_3_tokyo-bay\/ANT09_3_FR_Tokyo-Bay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/ant09_3_tokyo-bay\/ANT09_3_IT_Tokyo-Bay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/ant09_3_tokyo-bay\/ANT09_3_ES_Tokyo-Bay.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2014\/11\/Tokyo_Bay_Japan\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>esa<\/a>.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2014\/11\/Tokyo_Bay_Japan<\/a> &#x2013; a Sentinel-1 radar image highlighting the different <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> classes in the Tokyo Bay area<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2025\/02\/Earth_from_Space_Tokyo_Japan\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2025\/02\/Earth_from_Space_Tokyo_Japan<\/a> &#x2013; large area <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: multitemporal\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;multitemporal&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Comprising data from different times.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/multitemporal\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">multitemporal<\/a> Sentinel-1 radar image from August\/September 2024<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2018\/03\/Tokyo\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2018\/03\/Tokyo<\/a> &#x2013;<br>\ntrue colour Sentinel-2 image of the Tokyo area from 2018<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/research.hktdc.com\/en\/article\/NDAwMDc1MjU2\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/research.hktdc.com\/en\/article\/NDAwMDc1MjU2<\/a> &#x2013;<br>\na 2018 background article about lessons to be learned from the Tokyo Bay Area Development<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/fdc02295fe7c4dce87a4b0926ecd6d95\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/fdc02295fe7c4dce87a4b0926ecd6d95<\/a> &#x2013;<br>\nexcellent in-depth presentation of the development of the Tokyo Bay Area from the 16th century to now<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Expansion into the Bay Tokyo Bay has undergone significant development in the past five decades, driven by economic growth and urban expansion. Since the 16th century, Tokyo Bay has lost much of its original coastline due to land reclamation. Large sections of the bay were filled in to create space for industrial zones, ports, airports, [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":101,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2946","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"it","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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