{"id":325,"date":"2022-03-02T14:28:28","date_gmt":"2022-03-02T13:28:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=325"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:55:06","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:55:06","slug":"columbia-glacier","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/system-erde\/columbia-glacier\/","title":{"rendered":"Columbia  Glacier"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Retreat of a tidewater glacier<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>For decades now glaciers all around the world have been retreating, a phenomenon directly linked with the temperature rise due to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate change\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate change&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural or man-made effects.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate change<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The retreat of several tidewater glaciers, which are glaciers ending in the sea, is very spectacular. Tidewater glaciers exist e.g. in Alaska, in Patagonia and along the coasts of Greenland. These glaciers end directly at sea level, therefore their environment is relatively warm during summer. As a consequence, the end zones of these glaciers are among the fastest flowing ice streams on Earth. Their lower end floats on the water of the sea and follows the tidal movement. This movement enhances the formation of cracks and of the calving of icebergs that float off into the sea.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/03\/Columbia_Glacier-610x407.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" align=\"right\"\/><\/p>\n<p>The Columbia Glacier is located in Alaska. Descending from more than 3000 meters above sea level, it flows into the Prince William Sound at the coast of the Pacific Ocean. For a long time the nose (or terminus) of the glacier remained stable near the mouth of Columbia Bay. However, since the 1980ies it has retreated by more than 20 kilometers.<\/p>\n<p>This glacier shows that the combination of different effects can lead to a highly dynamical evolution. At the beginning, the nose of the glacier was supported by the gravel of the end moraine. After the initial phase of the retreat it floated on water, making the tidal forces more effective and thus increasing the speed of the retreat, even more so as this allowed warmer water from the ocean to flow under the ice.<br>\n&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the satellite map and deselect all satellite images and the layer &#x201C;<strong>glacier_rim<\/strong>&#x201C;.<\/li>\n<li>Select the satellite image from <strong>1986<\/strong>. Describe the structures you can identify in the image. Where are mountains, glaciers, water bodies, vegetated areas?<\/li>\n<li>Add the satellite images from <strong>1994<\/strong>, <strong>2011<\/strong>, and <strong>2019<\/strong> one by one and describe the changes in the glaciers. Is only the glacier tongue shrinking? Can you identify other changes, e.g. in the vegetation cover?<\/li>\n<li>Add the layer &#x201C;<strong>glacier_rim<\/strong>&#x201D; and estimate the extent of the glacier retreat.<\/li>\n<li>Have a look at the open water surface. What can you say about the colours of the water surface? Which reasons can you imagine for the visible differenes?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/tt8a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Search for the most recent <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2 satellite image covering the Columbia Glacier. Is it easy to get cloud-free images? Why\/why not?<\/li>\n<li>Display the dataset in natural colours and compare it with the satellite images in the map above. What differences can you detect with respect to the images provided in the map above? What are the reasons for the differences?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Sources and Links<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/CLI04_1_EN_ColumbiaGlacier.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/CLI04_1_DE_ColumbiaGlacier.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/CLI04_1_FR_ColumbiaGlacier.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/CLI04_1_IT_ColumbiaGlacier.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/CLI04_1_ES_ColumbiaGlacier.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on page 46 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/cli04_1_columbia-glacier\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>ESA Video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2018\/05\/Earth_from_Space_Columbia_Glacier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2018\/05\/Earth_from_Space_Columbia_Glacier<\/a><\/li>\n<li>ESA Satellite Image: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2018\/05\/Columbia_Glacier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2018\/05\/Columbia_Glacier<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: NASA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NASA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA, established in 1958 with Headquarters in Washington D.C., is the agency responsible for the public space program of the USA. Its mission is to plan, direct, and conduct aeronautical and space activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/nasa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>NASA<\/a> Animation: <a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/world-of-change\/ColumbiaGlacier\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/world-of-change\/ColumbiaGlacier<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Retreat of a tidewater glacier For decades now glaciers all around the world have been retreating, a phenomenon directly linked with the temperature rise due to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a> change. The retreat of several tidewater glaciers, which are glaciers ending in the sea, is very spectacular. Tidewater glaciers exist e.g. in Alaska, in Patagonia and along the [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":103,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-325","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"it","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/system-erde\/columbia-glacier\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"- ESA Schoolatlas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/system-erde\/columbia-glacier\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ESA Schoolatlas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-03T12:55:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/03\/Columbia_Glacier-610x407.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tempo di lettura stimato\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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