{"id":992,"date":"2023-11-08T16:42:21","date_gmt":"2023-11-08T15:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=992"},"modified":"2025-03-21T12:34:08","modified_gmt":"2025-03-21T11:34:08","slug":"etna","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/lithosphere\/etna\/","title":{"rendered":"Etna"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Europe&#x2019;s largest active volcano<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Mount Etna, located on the island of Sicily in Italy, is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, which is reflected in a high <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: frequency\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;frequency&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;(f) Number of cycles and parts of cycles completed per second. f=1\/T, where T is the duration of one cycle in seconds.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/frequency\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">frequency<\/a> of eruptions. People living at and near the slopes of the volcano are used to being repeatedly disturbed by volcanic activities. They make use of the advantages of the situation, particularly the fertile volcanic <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: soil\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;soil&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Biologically active, porous medium that covers the uppermost layer of Earth&lsquo;s crust.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/soil\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>soil<\/a> and the role of the volcano as a tourist landmark.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1198\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption-610x406.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption-610x406.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption-930x618.jpg 930w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption-226x150.jpg 226w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption-400x266.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/Etna_Volcano_Eruption.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"\/><\/a>Among other techniques advanced <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite<\/a> data are used to closely monitor and quantify the damages caused by this natural event. Satellite technology plays a crucial role in tracking the eruption&#x2019;s progression. High-<a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: resolution\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;resolution&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Level of detail an image holds. It is typically measured by the size of pixels (area on the Earth surface covered by one pixel) in the image, often expressed as width &#xD7; height, and indicates how much detail can be captured or displayed. Higher resolution means more detail and clarity in the image.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/resolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">resolution<\/a> imagery provides real-time insights into the volcano&#x2019;s behaviour, allowing to map the lava flows, ash plumes, and gas emissions. These observations enable timely warnings to protect nearby communities and air traffic.<\/p>\n<p>The satellite maps presented here show the changing situation during an eruption of Mount Etna in natural colours, additionally integrating a shortwave infrared <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: band\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;band&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which a remote sensor responds; a multispectral sensor makes measurements in a number of spectral bands.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/band\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>band<\/a> highlighting the lava stream to the east.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Satellite Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the satellite image maps and click on the layer selector in the upper right. Deselect the layer groups &#x201C;<strong>Lava<\/strong>&#x201D; and &#x201C;<strong>Detail<\/strong>&#x201D;&#xA0;by unticking the respective boxes.<\/li>\n<li>In the remaining overview satellite image, try to identify important landuse and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> classes as well as the peak of Etna.<\/li>\n<li>Add the layer group &#x201C;<strong>Lava<\/strong>&#x201D; and try to estimate the area covered by material from Etna. How long are the lava flows to the coast?<\/li>\n<li>Deselect the layer group &#x201C;<strong>Lava<\/strong>&#x201D; and select the &#x201C;<strong>Detail<\/strong>&#x201D; group with satellite images from an eruption series in 2022. Look at these satellite images one by one and compare them. What differences in the size of the hot lava flows, in the intensity of the smoke column and in the wind direction can you see?<\/li>\n<li>How do the eruptions affect the people living there?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/4nkb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2 dataset covering the area displayed in the satellite map. You may look further back in time to find more spectacular eruptions, too.<\/li>\n<li>Select a true colour visualisation.<\/li>\n<li>Can you identify additional, recent changes in the area (check e.g. lava fields, craters)?<\/li>\n<li>Select the false-colour infrared &#x201C;urban&#x201D; representation. Can you identify active volcanic spots near the summit of Etna?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>PDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/LIT06_1_EN_Etna.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/LIT06_1_DE_Etna.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/LIT06_1_FR_Etna.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/LIT06_1_IT_Etna.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/LIT06_1_ES_Etna.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>This case study is covered on page 28 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/it\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit06_1_etna\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>ESA Multimedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2021\/02\/Etna_erupts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sentinel-2 image of an eruption in winter 2021<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>ESA Earth Watching: <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/web\/earth-watching\/image-of-the-week\/content\/-\/article\/mount-etna-italy\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">true color and false color infrared image of Mount Etna<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>ESA Applications:&#xA0; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Copernicus\/Satellites_monitor_Mount_Etna_s_unpredictable_behaviour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about the use of satellite data for monitoring volcanoes<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Europe&#x2019;s largest active volcano Mount Etna, located on the island of Sicily in Italy, is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, which is reflected in a high frequency of eruptions. People living at and near the slopes of the volcano are used to being repeatedly disturbed by volcanic activities. They make use of [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-992","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"it","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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