{"id":1016,"date":"2023-11-08T17:27:44","date_gmt":"2023-11-08T16:27:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=1016"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:54:43","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:54:43","slug":"hail","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/biosphere\/hail\/","title":{"rendered":"Ha&#8217;il"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Desert agriculture based on fossile groundwater<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">&#xFEFF;<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Saudi Arabia is one of the most <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: arid\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;arid&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Dry. A climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/arid\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>arid<\/a> countries in the world and is mostly covered by deserts. This <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: GOES\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;GOES&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite - Observes the U.S. and adjacent ocean areas from vantage points 35,790 km above the equator at 75 degrees west and 135 degrees west. GOES satellites have an equatorial, Earth-synchronous orbit with a 24-hour period, a visible resolution of 1 km, and an IR resolution of 4 km.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/goes\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>goes<\/a> hand in hand with a relatively low population density. While the economy of the country largely depends on the export of fossile fuels (oil and gas), it comes as a surprise that Saudi Arabia has been exporting wheat, too. With the exception of oases, agriculture in Saudi Arabia has been mostly based on <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: extensive\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;extensive&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Farming: Agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilizers, and capital, and producing small output relative to the land area being farmed.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/extensive\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">extensive<\/a> farming. Only with the exploitation of large fossile groundwater deposits for irrigation it was possible to intensify the production of wheat and other crops. The term &#x201C;fossile groundwater&#x201D; refers to the fact that in this arid environment there is only a small amount of groundwater formed every year as a result of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: precipitation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;precipitation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Water falling from the atmosphere to the ground in liquid (rain) or solid (snow, hail) form.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/precipitation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">precipitation<\/a>, and the largest part of the groundwater is a remnant of much wetter times in the region several 1000 years ago.<\/p>\n<p>The area around the town of Ha&#x2019;il is located above a large groundwater deposit with a volume of estimated several 100 km&#xB3; water. This resource has been exploited with increasing intensity since the 1970ies. The amount of water extracted every year is estimated to be several cubic meters. While the originally applied techniques led to the quick evaporation of a large part of the water, combined with a relatively quick <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: salination\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;salination&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Increase of the salt concentration in soils, reducing their fertility.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/salination\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">salination<\/a> of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: soil\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;soil&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Biologically active, porous medium that covers the uppermost layer of Earth&lsquo;s crust.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/soil\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>soil<\/a>, the methods used now are better adapted to this difficult environment. Nevertheless, the use of fossile groundwater will end once the groundwater layers are depleted, which at the current use intensity is expected to happen within the next few decades.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1150\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-610x366.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-610x366.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-930x559.jpg 930w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-1536x923.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-1600x961.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-400x240.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/diagram_wheat_export.jpg 1653w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"\/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Diagram: Wheat export of Saudi Arabia (in 1000 tons)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite<\/a> images show an excellent contrast between vegetation and the surrounding desert, as the numerous center-pivot irrigation fields show. Therefore, they are very well suited to monitor the development of the irrigated fields and the crops cultivated. This makes it possible to use the data for crop monitoring as well as precision farming, as the analysis of data allows to tell where the supply of water and fertilizers need to be optimised.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Satellite Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite image map\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite image map&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Map created based on satellite image data.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/satellite-image-map\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite image map<\/a> and deselect the all satellite images&#xA0;by unticking the respective boxes.<\/li>\n<li>The Open Streetmap (<strong>OSM<\/strong>) map remains. Which <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> classes can you identify?<\/li>\n<li>Now add the satellite images one by one, starting with <strong>1985<\/strong> (lowest in the list) and continuing with <strong>1995<\/strong>, <strong>2005<\/strong>, <strong>2015<\/strong>, and <strong>2023<\/strong>. Which land cover classes can you identify? Does the number of land cover classes change?<\/li>\n<li>Toggle between the satellite images from <strong>2023<\/strong> and <strong>1985<\/strong>. Where are the changes in the land cover most prominent?<\/li>\n<li>Where can you find an increase of the cultivated area, where a decrease?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/cwee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent <strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2<\/strong> dataset covering the area displayed in the satellite map.<\/li>\n<li>Select a true colour visualisation.<\/li>\n<li>Can you identify additional, recent changes in the area (check e.g. agricultural land)?<\/li>\n<li>Select the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: false colour\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;false colour&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colour imaging process which produces an image of a colour that does not correspond to the true or natural colour of the scene (as seen by our eyes). In Earth observation often used e.g. with infrared data (False colour Infrared, FIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/false-colour\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">false colour<\/a> infrared representation. Can you identify the land-use of the most intensely vegetated areas (represented by bright red colours)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/BIO10_2_EN_Irrigation_Hail.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/BIO10_2_DE_Irrigation_Hail.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/BIO10_2_FR_Irrigation_Hail.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/BIO10_2_IT_Irrigation_Hail.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/BIO10_2_ES_Irrigation_Hail.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on page 63 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/bio10_2_hail\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2011\/12\/Saudi_Arabia\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2011\/12\/Saudi_Arabia<\/a> &#x2013; <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Envisat\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Envisat&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Environmental Satellite mission, 2002-2012; large platform monitoring the environmental changes on earth and in the atmosphere, scientific mission to study Earth observation applications.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/envisat\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Envisat<\/a> image of central Saudi Arabia<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2015\/07\/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2015\/07\/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia<\/a> &#x2013; false colour infrared Sentinel-2 image<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Desert agriculture based on fossile groundwater &#xFEFF; Saudi Arabia is one of the most arid countries in the world and is mostly covered by deserts. This goes hand in hand with a relatively low population density. While the economy of the country largely depends on the export of fossile fuels (oil and gas), it comes [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":99,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1016","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"en","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ha&#039;il - ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/biosphere\/hail\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ha&#039;il - 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