{"id":2235,"date":"2025-02-05T14:07:31","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T13:07:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=2235"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:57:26","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:57:26","slug":"gulf-stream","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/gulf-stream\/","title":{"rendered":"Gulf Stream"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Oceanic Energy Redistribution<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst_leg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"20%\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-2318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst_leg.jpg 676w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst_leg-610x761.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst_leg-120x150.jpg 120w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst_leg-400x499.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst_leg-300x374.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/sst_leg-600x748.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\"\/><br>\nThe Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current are important components of the global ocean circulation system and influence the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a> of Europe and beyond. The Gulf Stream is a warm current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows northward along the eastern coast of the United States before heading towards northeast into the Atlantic Ocean. As it moves further north, it transitions into the North Atlantic Current, which carries warm water across the Atlantic toward northern Europe.<\/p>\n<p>The Gulf Stream transports a significant amount of heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. When it reaches the North Atlantic, a part of it forms the North Atlantic Current. This current flows northeastward, warming the coasts of western and northern Europe, including the British Isles, Scandinavia, and even parts of the Arctic.<\/p>\n<p>The Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current are largely responsible for Europe&#x2019;s relatively mild climate, especially in comparison to regions at similar latitudes. For instance, cities like London and Paris, which are far north, experience much milder winters than areas at the same latitude in North America, such as Newfoundland or parts of Canada.<br>\nWestern and northern Europe enjoy milder winters and relatively temperate weather because of the warmth carried by these currents. The current keeps the seas around Scandinavia ice-free even in winter, which allows ports such as those in Norway to remain operational year-round. Without this warmth, much of northern Europe would have a climate closer to Siberia&#x2019;s, with far harsher winters.<\/p>\n<p>There are concerns about the future stability of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current in the context of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate change\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate change&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural or man-made effects.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate change<\/a>. Studies suggest that they have been weakening due to the increasing influx of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: freshwater\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;freshwater&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of salts and other dissolved solids.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/freshwater\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">freshwater<\/a> from melting glaciers and ice sheets, from Greenland. Freshwater is less dense than saltwater, and its influx could disrupt the sinking of cold, dense water that helps drive the circulation. If the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current were to significantly slow down or collapse, the impact on Europe&#x2019;s climate could be dramatic, leading to colder winters and more extreme weather patterns.<br>\n&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the satellite images from January and July and try to identify differences.<\/li>\n<li>When and where can you see the highest sea surface temperatures?<\/li>\n<li>When and where can you see the lowest sea surface temperatures? Note that due to its salt content sea water freezes not at 0 &#xB0;C, but a bit lower. Where in the maps would you expect sea ice? Hint: focus on the homogeneous blue regions in higher latitudes with a temperature of about -2 &#xB0;C. <\/li>\n<li>Try to quantify the temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico and the Carribean Sea in January and in July.<\/li>\n<li>Try to follow the course of the North Atlantic Current from the US East coast to north west Europe. Note the eddies along its path.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/HYD04_3_EN_GulfStream.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/HYD04_3_DE_GulfStream.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/HYD04_3_FR_GulfStream.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/HYD04_3_IT_GulfStream.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/HYD04_3_ES_GulfStream.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on pages 34-35 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd04_3_gulf-stream\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page34-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>ESA Climate Change Initiative story about ocean currents including the Gulf Stream as planetary heat pumps:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-16\/0\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-16\/0<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>ESA story about Gulf Stream related ocean <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: salinity\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;salinity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Salt concentration of (ocean) water or soil.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/salinity\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">salinity<\/a> measurements by the satellite <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: SMOS\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SMOS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission, the ESA&rsquo;s second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission to gather global observation data for the modelling of weather, climate and ocean currents.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/smos\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>SMOS<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Enabling_Support\/Preparing_for_the_Future\/Space_for_Earth\/Blue_worlds\/SMOS_gets_to_grips_with_the_Gulf_Stream\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Enabling_Support\/Preparing_for_the_Future\/Space_for_Earth\/Blue_worlds\/SMOS_gets_to_grips_with_the_Gulf_Stream<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>ESA TV contribution about the role of ocean currents for the global climate:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/zO2153cJORI\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/zO2153cJORI<\/a> <\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oceanic Energy Redistribution The Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current are important components of the global ocean circulation system and influence the climate of Europe and beyond. The Gulf Stream is a warm current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows northward along the eastern coast of the United States before heading [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":24,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2235","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"en","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Gulf Stream - ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/gulf-stream\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gulf Stream - 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