{"id":24,"date":"2021-10-21T16:23:41","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T14:23:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=24"},"modified":"2026-01-20T11:45:18","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T10:45:18","slug":"hydrosphere","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrosphere"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Hydrosphere<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 25%; height: 25%; padding: 0px 15px 5px 0px;\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/s_chapters_hyd.jpg\" align=\"left\"\/><br>\nThe hydrosphere (from Greek <em>hydor<\/em> for water) comprises all water on Earth. Water exists on Earth as surface water (e.g. oceans, lakes, rivers), in the form of groundwater under the surface of the Earth, and in the atmosphere. Moreover, the frozen water bodies of the mountain glaciers, polar ice caps and sea ice are part of the hydrosphere.<\/p>\n<p>In total Earth&#x2019;s hydrosphere contains more than 1450 million cubic kilometers of water. The majority of this water, about 94%, forms the oceans.<\/p>\n<p>Water in many respects is one of the key components of the Earth system. Due to the current temperatures on Earth water exists as gas, as a liquid and in solid form. This is the reason why it can participate in numerous processes on Earth. Many of these processes are vital for the existence of life.<\/p>\n<h2>Select your Case Study:<\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #777777;\">\n<th style=\"border: 0; padding-left: 10px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Coasts as dynamic boundaries<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/alexandria\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd02_1_alexandria_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd02_1_alexandria_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd02_1_alexandria_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/alexandria\/\">Alexandria<\/a>, Egypt<br>\nSea level rise and reduced sediments from the Nile river modify the coastline.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 120px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/mississippi\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd02_2_mississippi_icon.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/mississippi\/\">Mississippi <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: delta\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;delta&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Triangularly shaped river mouth formed by sediments carried by the river.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/delta\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Delta<\/a><\/a>, U.S.A.<br>\nA changing delta due to sea level rise and reduced sediments from the Mississippi river.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 120px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/mont-st-michel\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd02_3_mont-st-michel_icon.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/mont-st-michel\/\">Mont Saint-Michel<\/a>, France<br>\nAn ancient abbey on an island between ebb tide and flood, tourist destination and oyster cultivation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #777777;\">\n<th style=\"border: 0; padding-left: 10px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Water surface temperaturess<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/gulf-stream\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd04_3_gulfstream_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd04_3_gulfstream_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd04_3_gulfstream_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/gulf-stream\/\">Gulf Stream &#x2013; North Atlantic<\/a><br>\nOcean currents affect the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a> over large distances.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/elnino\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd04_2_elnino_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd04_2_elnino_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd04_2_elnino_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/elnino\/\">El Nino &#x2013; <\/a><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: equatorial\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;equatorial&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Region near the equator.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/equatorial\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Equatorial<\/a> Pacific<br>\nLarge-scale oscillations of the Pacific Ocean currents influence the weather in large parts of the world.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd03_1_sst-europe_iconjpg.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd03_1_sst-europe_iconjpg.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd03_1_sst-europe_iconjpg-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/europe-sst\/\">Europe &#x2013; <\/a><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sea Surface Temperature\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sea Surface Temperature&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;SST. The temperature of the layer of seawater (approx. 0.5 m deep) near the surface.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/sea-surface-temperature\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sea surface temperature<\/a><br>\nSeasonal changes of the sea surface temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #777777;\">\n<th style=\"border: 0; padding-left: 10px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Glaciers as water bodies<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/system-erde\/columbia-glacier\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_1_columbiaglacier_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_1_columbiaglacier_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_1_columbiaglacier_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/system-erde\/columbia-glacier\/\">Columbia Glacie<\/a>r, U.S.A.<br>\nHigher temperatures and the rising sea level lead to a rapid decay of the Columbia Glacier.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/system-erde\/aletsch-glacier\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_2_aletsch_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_2_aletsch_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_2_aletsch_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/system-erde\/aletsch-glacier\/\">Aletsch Glacier<\/a>, Switzerland<br>\nThe largest glacier of the Alps is an example of the retreat of alpine glaciers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/system-erde\/kilimanjaro\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_3_kilimanjaro_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_3_kilimanjaro_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/cli04_3_kilimanjaro_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/system-erde\/kilimanjaro\/\">Kilimanjaro Glacier<\/a>, Tanzania<br>\nThere are not many glaciers in the tropical climate zone, and they are shrinking.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #777777;\">\n<th style=\"border: 0; padding-left: 10px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Floods and flood protection<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/plattsmouth\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd15_1_plattsmouth_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd15_1_plattsmouth_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd15_1_plattsmouth_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/plattsmouth\/\">Plattsmouth<\/a>, U.S.A.<br>\nHeavy rainfall in the Missouri Basin has caused severe floodings in 2019.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/derna\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd15_2_derna_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd15_2_derna_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd15_2_derna_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/derna\/\">Derna<\/a>, Libya<br>\nUnusually heavy rainfall caused a dam failure and a disastrous flooding in 2023.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/venice\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd16_1_venice_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd16_1_venice_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/hyd16_1_venice_icon-80x80.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/venice\/\">Venice<\/a>, Italy<br>\nTo cope with the threat of the rising sea level, the flood protection system MOSE has been installed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/kakhovka-dam\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"zoom-effect alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd15_3_kakhovka-dam_icon.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd15_3_kakhovka-dam_icon.jpg 100w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/Images\/hyd15_3_kakhovka-dam_icon.jpg 80w\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\"\/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/kakhovka-dam\/\">Kakhovka Dam<\/a>, Ukraine<br>\nThe destruction of the Kakhovka Dam in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2023 had severe consequences along the Dnipro River.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hydrosphere The hydrosphere (from Greek hydor for water) comprises all water on Earth. Water exists on Earth as surface water (e.g. oceans, lakes, rivers), in the form of groundwater under the surface of the Earth, and in the atmosphere. Moreover, the frozen water bodies of the mountain glaciers, polar ice caps and sea ice are [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"en","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Hydrosphere - ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hydrosphere - 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