{"id":359,"date":"2022-03-11T11:02:18","date_gmt":"2022-03-11T10:02:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=359"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:57:52","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:57:52","slug":"salar-de-atacama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/lithosphere\/salar-de-atacama\/","title":{"rendered":"Salar de Atacama"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Lithium from a saltpan<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The Salar de Atacama in Chile covers an area of about 3050 km&#xB2; and is the largest salt flat or saltpan of this country. It is a plain located at an elevation of 2300 m above sea level in the mountain range of the Andes. The surface of the salar consists of salts mixed with sand, which gives it a brownish colour in the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite<\/a> image.<\/p>\n<p>The surrounding mountain ranges block clouds from reaching the region, which receives only extremely small amounts of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: precipitation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;precipitation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Water falling from the atmosphere to the ground in liquid (rain) or solid (snow, hail) form.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/precipitation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">precipitation<\/a>. With only 2 mm rain per year it is among the driest regions in the world. The water from the scarce precipitation in the surrounding mountains is enriched with minerals and salts and flows to the lowest point, the saltpan. Here the water evaporates, leading to a concentration of the minerals and salts.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin: 0px 20px;\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2022\/03\/Salar_de_Atacama-610x405.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" align=\"left\"\/><\/p>\n<p>This process has formed a deep body of brine that reaches down to 1.7 km below the surface. It consists mostly sodium chloride (about 90%) and is rich in lithium, potassium, magnesium and boron. The brine is pumped to the surface of the salar, where the water evaporates at the extremely high evaporation rate of 3500 mm per year, leading to an enrichment of the salts. This special situation has made the Salar de Atacama one of the most important lithium production sites, with about 36 percent of the global lithium production and about 27 percent of the worldwide known lithium reserves. The chemical element lithium has become an increasingly important resource, because it is used in the production of efficient battery cells needed e.g. in electric cars and smartphones.<\/p>\n<p>The <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: false colour\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;false colour&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colour imaging process which produces an image of a colour that does not correspond to the true or natural colour of the scene (as seen by our eyes). In Earth observation often used e.g. with infrared data (False colour Infrared, FIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/false-colour\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">false colour<\/a> infrared satellite images in the map above show vegetation in red. In this barren environment only small patches of vegetation along the eastern rim of the salt flat can be seen. The region is home to the Andean flamingos that suffer from the deterioration of their habitat by the mining activities.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Satellite Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the satellite map and click on the layer selector in the upper right. Deactivate all satellite images except that from <strong>1985<\/strong> by unticking the respective boxes.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the structures you can identify. Which traces of human activity can you see on and around the salt pan?<\/li>\n<li>Now activate the satellite image from <strong>1990<\/strong> and zoom in. What has changed? What could be the source of the line raster crossing the salt pan?<\/li>\n<li>Now activate the satellite image from <strong>2020<\/strong> and compare. Using the scale bar, try to estimate the extension of the saltpans used to produce lithium. Are there significant changes in the areas around the saltpans, too?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/x18f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent <strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2<\/strong> data covering the case study area.<\/li>\n<li>Use a false colour infrared representation.<\/li>\n<li>Compare the extent of the evaporation ponds with that in the latest satellite image in the case study. Can you detect changes? Which reasons can you imagine?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/LIT10_1_EN_SalarDeAtacama.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/LIT10_1_DE_SalarDeAtacama.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/LIT10_1_FR_SalarDeAtacama.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/LIT10_1_IT_SalarDeAtacama.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/LIT10_1_ES_SalarDeAtacama.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on page 33 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/lit10_1_salar-de-atacama\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li>ESA Video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Videos\/2017\/11\/Earth_from_Space_Salar_de_Atacama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Video on a Sentinel-2 image of the Salar de Atacama (2017)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>ESA Multimedia: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2017\/11\/Salar_de_Atacama_Chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sentinel-2 image featured in the video (2017)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>ESA Applications: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2020\/05\/Atacama_minerals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sentinel-2 image of mining in a different part of the Atacama Desert (2020)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>ESA Applications: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/The_Atacama_Desert_Chile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: MERIS\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MERIS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer - Instrument aboard Envisat for the observation of the ocean and vegetation, precursor to instruments used by Sentinel-3.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/meris\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>MERIS<\/a> image of the Atacama Desert<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lithium from a saltpan The Salar de Atacama in Chile covers an area of about 3050 km&#xB2; and is the largest salt flat or saltpan of this country. It is a plain located at an elevation of 2300 m above sea level in the mountain range of the Andes. The surface of the salar consists [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-359","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"en","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Salar de Atacama - ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/lithosphere\/salar-de-atacama\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Salar de Atacama - 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