{"id":426,"date":"2022-03-24T13:39:09","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T12:39:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=426"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:55:09","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:55:09","slug":"radar-satellite-data","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/remotesensing\/radar-satellite-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Radar Satellite Data"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Radar <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Satellite<\/a> Data<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"670\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In contrast to optical satellites, which rely on the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: reflection\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;reflection&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The return of light or sound waves from a surface. If a reflecting surface is plane, the angle of reflection of a light ray is the same as the angle of incidence.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/reflection\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">reflection<\/a> of sunlight, radar sensors <strong>actively emit <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: microwave\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;microwave&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between about 1000 &#x3BC;m and 1 m.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/microwave\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">microwave<\/a> pulses<\/strong> and measure the returned signal. This active sensing capability allows radar satellites to operate independently of external illumination by sunlight, making them suitable for a wide array of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Earth observation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Earth observation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Observation of the Earth from space, mostly based on satellites.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/earth-observation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Earth observation<\/a> tasks.<\/p>\n<p>One key advantage of radar satellite data is its ability to <strong>penetrate cloud cover<\/strong>, a significant limitation in the case of optical sensors. <strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: SAR\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SAR&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Synthetic Aperture Radar. A high-resolution ground-mapping technique that effectively synthesizes a large receiving antenna by processing the phase of the reflected radar return.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/sar\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>SAR<\/a> (synthetic area radar)<\/strong> can &#x201C;see&#x201D; through clouds because of its longer <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: wavelength\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;wavelength&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Spatial distance between two maxima of a wave.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/wavelength\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">wavelength<\/a>, providing continuous monitoring in regions prone to persistent cloud cover, such as tropical rainforests or high-latitude areas. This is particularly crucial for applications like disaster monitoring, where real-time information is essential. Radar data is unaffected by daylight conditions, enabling 24\/7 monitoring. This constant observational capability proves invaluable for applications like maritime surveillance, where tracking vessels in remote or poorly lit regions can be challenging for optical sensors.<\/p>\n<p>Another distinctive feature of radar data is its ability to measure topography and surface deformation with high precision. <strong>Interferometric SAR (InSAR)<\/strong> techniques are used to analyse the phase difference between multiple radar images, allowing for the detection of ground subsidence, elevation changes, and even millimetre-level deformations. This makes radar data indispensable for monitoring ground stability in earthquake-prone regions or tracking subtle shifts in infrastructure.<\/p>\n<p>Radar data&#x2019;s ability to penetrate vegetation provides a unique advantage for forestry applications. While optical sensors are limited in their ability to see through dense canopies, radar can penetrate vegetation layers and capture information about forest structure, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Biomass\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Biomass&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;1. Ecology: total mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem2. Energy production: biological mass used as a renewable energy source.3. Satellite technology: Part of the Earth Explorer Mission of ESA, created to observe and analyse the world&#x2019;s forests using radar technology.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/biomass\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">biomass<\/a>, and even detect illegal logging activities.<\/p>\n<p>As for every technology, Radar data has its limitations. The spatial <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: resolution\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;resolution&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Level of detail an image holds. It is typically measured by the size of pixels (area on the Earth surface covered by one pixel) in the image, often expressed as width &#xD7; height, and indicates how much detail can be captured or displayed. Higher resolution means more detail and clarity in the image.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/resolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">resolution<\/a> of radar imagery is generally coarser than that of high-resolution optical data. While optical sensors can provide detailed information about surface features, radar data may lack the fine-scale detail needed for certain applications. In addition, the interpretation of Radar data is less intuitive than that of optical data, and its evaluation requires sophisticated software tools allowing to extract the subtle information of the data.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-2334\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-930x541.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"60%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-930x541.jpg 930w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-610x355.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-768x447.jpg 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-1536x893.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-258x150.jpg 258w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-1600x931.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-400x233.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN-600x349.jpg 600w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/02\/EOFromSpace_spectra_mod_fig_EN.jpg 1654w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\"\/><br>\n<em>Diagram showing the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: electromagnetic spectrum\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;electromagnetic spectrum&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The entire range of radiant energies or wave frequencies from the longest to the shortest wavelengths. The spectrum usually is divided into seven sections: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma-ray radiation.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/electromagnetic-spectrum\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">electromagnetic spectrum<\/a>, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: reflectance\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;reflectance&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The proportion of irradiated electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/reflectance\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">reflectance<\/a> curves for selected <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> classes (top), the atmospheric transmission (middle), and where the bands of selected satellites are located (bottom). Note: the x-axis is logarithmic, i.e. with each red line the wavelength increases by a factor of 10. The radar sensors of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-1 and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Envisat\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Envisat&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Environmental Satellite mission, 2002-2012; large platform monitoring the environmental changes on earth and in the atmosphere, scientific mission to study Earth observation applications.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/envisat\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Envisat<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ASAR\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ASAR&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar - a radar sensor on the satellite ENVISAT operating in C-band.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/asar\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ASAR<\/a> are included in the diagram.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Satellite Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Use the layer selector to activate the different visualisations of the Sentinel-1 data in the satellite map and compare with the true-colour image by using the slider tool. Try to identify the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land use\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land use&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its use (the unique way in which a given type of land is &#x2013; or is not &#x2013; exploited by man).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/land-use\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land use<\/a> and landcover classes in the region.<\/li>\n<li>Try to identify forests and built-up areas. In which of the visualisations are they best visible?<\/li>\n<li>Look at the water bodies (sea, river). How do they appear in the individual image visualisations?<\/li>\n<li>Focus on the International Airport Fiumicino (near the left edge). Does it appear dark or bright? With your knowledge about the creation of radar images, what does this mean? Is the fraction of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: radiation\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;radiation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles that release energy when absorbed by an object.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/radiation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">radiation<\/a> reflected to the satellite large or small? What could this mean with respect to the reflecting surface? Think about its roughness and its orientation.<\/li>\n<li>For advanced readers: have a look at the wavelength diagram above and compare the wavelengths used by optical satellites with those of the radar sensors. What are advantages\/disadvantages of the respective wavelength ranges?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/1t7a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent Sentinel-1 dataset covering the area displayed in the satellite map.<\/li>\n<li>Toggle between the different representations of the radar data.<\/li>\n<li>Which differences can you identify between these representations?<\/li>\n<li>Which of them would you use to highlight special object classes?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links and Sources<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/RSP09_3_EN_RemoteSensing_Optical-Radar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/RSP09_3_DE_RemoteSensing_Optical-Radar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/RSP09_3_FR_RemoteSensing_Optical-Radar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/RSP09_3_IT_RemoteSensing_Optical-Radar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/RSP09_3_ES_RemoteSensing_Optical-Radar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on page 19 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/rsp09_radar\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Education\/1._Introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Education\/1._Introduction<\/a> &#x2013; Earth observation course for secondary schools.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Radar Satellite Data In contrast to optical satellites, which rely on the reflection of sunlight, radar sensors actively emit microwave pulses and measure the returned signal. This active sensing capability allows radar satellites to operate independently of external illumination by sunlight, making them suitable for a wide array of Earth observation tasks. One key advantage [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":404,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-426","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"en","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Radar Satellite Data - ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/remotesensing\/radar-satellite-data\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Radar Satellite Data - 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