{"id":973,"date":"2023-11-08T16:00:12","date_gmt":"2023-11-08T15:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.eovision.at\/esa-schoolatlas\/?page_id=973"},"modified":"2025-03-03T13:57:24","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T12:57:24","slug":"alexandria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/alexandria\/","title":{"rendered":"Alexandria"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Dynamic coastline at the Nile <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: delta\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;delta&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Triangularly shaped river mouth formed by sediments carried by the river.&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/delta\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Delta<\/a><\/h2>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"650\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The coastline at the Nile mouth near Alexandria is defined mainly by the balance of sediment deposition by the Nile River and its removal by the Mediterranean Sea.<\/p>\n<p>The sediment load of the Nile River was significantly reduced by the Aswan High Dam located about 1000 km upstream, which was completed in 1970. Before the construction of the dam, the Nile Delta received an annual sediment load of approximately 130 million tons. Today, this figure has dwindled to around 16-20 million tons, leading to reduced natural replenishment of the coastline.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-1178\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta-610x390.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta-610x390.jpg 610w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta-768x491.jpg 768w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta-235x150.jpg 235w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta-400x256.jpg 400w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/RiverNileDamietta.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"\/><\/a>Over the past century, the Mediterranean Sea has seen an average sea level rise of about 3.4 millimetres per year due to global warming. This leads to an additional substantial increase in coastal <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: erosion\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;erosion&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Surface processes (e.g. water flow or wind) removing soil, rock, or dissolved material from the Earth&#x2018;s crust and transporting it to another location where it is deposited.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/erosion\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">erosion<\/a> and vulnerability to storm surges.<\/p>\n<p>Based on <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: satellite\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;satellite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A free-flying object orbiting the Earth, another planet, or the sun.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">satellite<\/a> data, coastal erosion around Alexandria has been estimated at around 1 meter per year in certain areas. This rapid rate of erosion threatens infrastructure, coastal communities, and agricultural lands. Alexandria is Egypt&#x2019;s second-largest city and home to over 5 million people. Many of the residents rely on agriculture, fisheries, and tourism, all of which are directly or indirectly affected by changes in the coastline. Therefore, Egypt combats coastal erosion around Alexandria and has, for example, spent 21 million Euro in 2018 for this task.<br>\n&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Satellite Map:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Look at the satellite image maps and click on the layer selector in the upper right. Deselect all layers except the satellite image from <strong>1985&#xA0;<\/strong>by unticking the respective boxes.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the satellite image and try to identify <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: land cover\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;land cover&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The characteristics of a land surface as determined by its spectral signature (the unique way in which a given type of land cover reflects and absorbs light).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/land-cover\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">land cover<\/a> classes.<\/li>\n<li>Add the satellite images from <strong>2002<\/strong>, <strong>2016<\/strong>, and <strong>2023<\/strong> one by one and try to identify differences. What is happening with the coastline?<\/li>\n<li>Can you find structures along the coast, which might have been made to slow the retreat of the coast down?<\/li>\n<li>Toggle between the satellite images from <b>1985 <\/b>and <strong>2023<\/strong>. Where are the changes in the landscape most prominent?<\/li>\n<li>Comparing these two images, which changes in the landuse can you identify?<\/li>\n<li>Go back to the satellite image from <strong>1985<\/strong> again.<\/li>\n<li>Add the layer &#x201C;<strong>coastline<\/strong>&#x201D; and compare the changes visible here with your findings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Copernicus\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Copernicus&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Former name GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), the EU&#x2019;s Copernicus Earth observation programme, comprising in-situ elements (measurement tools) and the space segment (satellites).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/copernicus\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Copernicus<\/a> Browser:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Open the case study area in the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.dataspace.copernicus.eu\/qnjp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copernicus Browser<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Find the most recent <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: Sentinel\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sentinel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Series of six different Earth Observation satellite types under responsibility of ESA in the Copernicus programme.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/sentinel\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Sentinel<\/a>-2 dataset covering the area displayed in the satellite map. Is it easy to find (more or less) cloud-free images? Why\/why not?<\/li>\n<li>Select a true colour visualisation.<\/li>\n<li>Can you identify additional, recent changes in the area (check e.g. forests and agricultural land)?<\/li>\n<li>Compare with the Satellite Map. Can you identify additional substantial changes?<\/li>\n<li>Select the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: false colour\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;false colour&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A colour imaging process which produces an image of a colour that does not correspond to the true or natural colour of the scene (as seen by our eyes). In Earth observation often used e.g. with infrared data (False colour Infrared, FIR).&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/false-colour\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">false colour<\/a> infrared representation. Can you identify the land-use of the most intensely vegetated areas (represented by bright red colours)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<h3>Links<\/h3>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Downloads:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr><tr>\n<td align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/><\/td>\n<td>\nPDF document of the case study (includes exercises):<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/HYD02_1_EN_Alexandria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/HYD02_1_DE_Alexandria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/HYD02_1_FR_Alexandria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/HYD02_1_IT_Alexandria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/HYD02_1_ES_Alexandria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"center\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-152x150.png 152w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/11\/pdf-icon-4.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\"\/>\n<\/td>\n<td>\nThis case study is covered on pages 36-37 of the printed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: ESA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ESA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Space Agency&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/esa\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>ESA<\/a> Schoolatlas &ndash; download the PDF document of the page:<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/ESA_Schoolatlas_EN_Page36-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/ESA_Schoolatlas_DE_Page36-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">German<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/ESA_Schoolatlas_FR_Page36-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">French<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/ESA_Schoolatlas_IT_Page36-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/wp-content\/gismaps_maps\/hyd02_1_alexandria\/ESA_Schoolatlas_ES_Page36-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spanish<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"background-color: #444444;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 10px;\"><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 10px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2019\/02\/Changing_Nile_Delta_seen_by_Proba-V\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2019\/02\/Changing_Nile_Delta_seen_by_<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  title=\"Glossary: PROBA\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PROBA&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Project for On-Board Autonomy. Small scale technology demonstration satellites of ESA, carrying several earth observation instruments with ground resolutions down to 20 m (CHRIS, multispectral) and 5 m (HRV, panchromatic).&lt;\/div&gt;\"  href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/proba\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Proba<\/a>-V<\/a> &#x2013; changes in the Nile Delta on a smaller scale.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Space_for_our_climate\/Measuring_shoreline_retreat\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Space_for_our_<\/a><a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Average weather conditions for a particular location over a long period of time, e.g. 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/climate\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">climate<\/a>\/Measuring_shoreline_retreat &#x2013; ESA Applications story about the measurement of shoreline retreat at the English Channel.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-30\/0\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cfs.climate.esa.int\/index.html#\/stories\/story-30\/0<\/a> &#x2013; ESA <a class=\"glossaryLink\" title=\"Glossary: climate change\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;climate change&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns due to natural or man-made effects.&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/glossary\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Climate Change<\/a> Initiative story on coasts threatened by sea level rise.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/sea-level\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/climate.esa.int\/en\/projects\/sea-level\/<\/a> &#x2013; ESA Climate Change Initiative project with a large amount of in-depth information on sea level rise and its consequences.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dynamic coastline at the Nile Delta The coastline at the Nile mouth near Alexandria is defined mainly by the balance of sediment deposition by the Nile River and its removal by the Mediterranean Sea. The sediment load of the Nile River was significantly reduced by the Aswan High Dam located about 1000 km upstream, which [&#x2026;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":24,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-973","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.0","language":"en","enabled_languages":["en","es","de","fr","it"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Alexandria - ESA Schoolatlas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/esa-schoolatlas.eu\/esa-schoolatlas\/hydrosphere\/alexandria\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alexandria - 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